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OPTICS: WARS BETWEEN SCIENTISTS Introduction: Humans are always curious about this nature. That is why they study this universe in great depth. That is why in history we have seen many scientific and technological wars around the world between scientists and nations. Old theories about Vision and Sight: One of the most important wars is about light. Light is always in great discussion. In old times many humans thought about sight and for this explanation, there are two theories. Emission theory: The first theory was emission theory, which said that animals had light sources in their eyes and that is why they saw objects and the world around them. I know now we know that this theory is not true but at that time it has many proofs. Let's discuss one of them: The evidence of this theory is that many animal's eyes shine in darkness. Modern science prove this thing but at that time it was the most accepted theory that proved this. Intromission Theory: The second theory is intromissi

 CARBON VS SILICON WHOSE SHORTAGE HUMANS CAN'T SURVIVE Introduction: Carbon is extremely important in both biological and technological but here in this article, we are mostly talking about the technological application of carbon and silicon. So, carbon you are essential for life but these properties don't give you any advantages in the article. I hope so. So, let's start: Carbon is an element that has been known since antiquity times. This is the time when humans are not so technologically developed and do not know about chemistry even. So, the relationship between carbon and humans is much older and stronger I feel so. On the other hand, silicon is a very new element according to the  Discovery of Chemical Elements article on Wikipedia  silicon was discovered in 1729. So, seems like silicon is a pretty new element. But this time late 20th century and early 21st century is the "Age of Silicon". Yes, you heard that right. Silicon which was also named "Digital

BEAUTIFUL CHEMISTRY OF HYDRIDES OF ALKALINE EARTH METAL: Man works with Alkaline Earth Metal Hydrides Introduction: Alkaline Earth Metals Hydrides are the compounds of alkaline earth metals that are very important in many sectors of industries and household uses. There are the following hydrides of Alkaline Earth metals: Beryllium Hydrides Magnesium Hydrides Calcium Hydrides Strontium Hydrides Barium Hydrides Radium Hydrides Properties of Alkaline Earth Metals Hydrides: There are the following properties of Alkaline Earth Metals Hydrides: 1. Ionic Compounds:  Due to the high electronegative difference between Alkaline Earth Metals and Hydrogen, it forms an ionic compound.  But there is an exception. Beryllium is different and it needs our attention as to why it forms a covalent bond. 2. Reactivity: Alkaline Earth metal hydrides are very reactive. But this reactivity depends on the metal. Heavier metal is less reactive. 3. Stability: Alkaline Earth metal hydrides are stable and stabilit

Properties of Most Important Things of Our Daily Life: Mechanical Properties of Materials Introduction to Mechanical Properties of Materials:  Materials that play an important role in everyday life. Imagine building without steel, cars without grey cast iron engines, and airplanes without titanium-aluminum alloys. Well, Imagine this kind of thing is hard because without this there are no machines, no electrical appliances, and no computers. Well, you know understand why materials are so important for us. Here in this article, we are talking about some mechanical properties of materials. Mechanical properties of materials: In this article, we discuss mechanical properties which are as follows: 1. Stiffness: Stiffness is the ability of materials which cause resistance to elastic deformation. Well, after reading that you thought that it must break easily. But stiffness doesn't mean that it means it is hard to cause elastic deformation in that material. For example, there is a rod of s

HYDRIDES OF ALKALI METALS: Introduction: Well, in our previous articles, we talked about Alkali M etals now we talk about its compounds which are their hydrides. Hydrides are the type of binary compound of hydrogen with some other elements for example, in this case, we are talking about Hydrides of Alkali Metal. Properties of Alkali Metal Hydrides: Some Common Properties of Alkali Metal Hydrides: 1. Formation of Alkali Metal Hydrides: The formation of alkali metal hydrides occurs by a direct reaction between alkali metal and hydrogen. But need temperatures which are given below: LiH           700-800 degrees Celsius NaH              200-400 degrees Celsius KH                 300-500 degrees Celsius RuH               400-600 degrees Celsius CsH           500-700 degrees Celsius Well, you do not need to learn the temperature at which the reaction starts occurring. There is a pattern except for LiH all others have some unique pattern. For example, NaH needs 200-400 degrees Celsius, and KH

HALOGEN FAMILY: THE MOST REACTIVE FAMILY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE Introduction: The halogen family contains fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. These elements are know for their reactiveness. This family contains many reactive elements known including fluorine which is one of the most reactive non-metals in the periodic table.  We are starting to talk about this family and its unique properties which blow your mind.   So, let's start: Fluorine: Fluorine is a very reactive non-metal. It is because of the fact that it has higher charged nuclei which are not shielded by electrons. That is why it attracts other element's electrons and thus forms compounds with them. Properties of fluorine: There are the following properties of fluorine: 1. Fluorine as discussed earlier is extremely electronegative which means it attracts electrons of other elements. 2. Fluorine is a highly reactive element. 3. Fluorine is very toxic and causes many disorders in the bodies of animals. Us